Pseudo-nitzschia and domoic acid fluxes in Santa Barbara Basin (CA) from 1993 to 2008

Blooms of domoic acid (DA) producing Pseudo-nitzschia, regularly occur off the coast of California. Although it has been hypothesized that these blooms are increasing in frequency, the lack of historical records limits our understanding of potential causal mechanisms. In this study, an 15-year time-series (1993–2008) of sediment trap samples collected from the Santa Barbara Basin (SBB) at 540 m were analyzed for Pseudo-nitzschia (n = 196, microscopy and SEM) and DA (n = 206, LC–MS/MS) concentrations and fluxes. Results suggest that there was an abrupt shift towards greater frequency and higher magnitude Pseudo-nitzschia blooms and toxic DA flux events in the SBB after the year 2000. SEM analysis of sediment trap material indicates that these events were mainly blooms of P. australis, with cell fluxes increasing by an order of magnitude from a maximum of 4.5 10 cells m 2 d 1 pre-2000, to as high as 3.2 10 cells m 2 d 1 thereafter. Similarly, sediment trap DA fluxes increased by an average of 13.4 mg m 2 d , with only one large event (>5 mg m 2 d ) from 1993 to 1999 versus 16 large DA events from 2000 to 2008. While the causes of this abrupt shift remain ambiguous, we suggest that this shift may be related to natural climate variability associated with a change in phase of the North Pacific Gyre Oscillation (NPGO) and its potential influence on the composition and magnitude of waters that are upwelled into the SBB. 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. * Corresponding author at: Earth & Ocean Sciences and Marine Science Program, University of South Carolina, 701 Sumter Street, EWS 408, Columbia, SC 29208, USA. Tel.: +1 803 7770018; fax: +1 803 7776610. E-mail address: [email protected] (C. Benitez-Nelson).